"A Forgotten Instrument of Global Capitalism? International Concessions, 1870-1930"

From the mid-1800s through the 1930s, concessions were an institutional foundation of modern capitalism about which we have liittle systematic, comparative knowledge. Concessions - contracts given by governments in less-developed states to foreign investors - supplied elements that were lacking in the host country, including a congenial legal order and an attractive investment environment. Cash-poor governments eager to modernize often added special privileges and monopoly rights to concessions in order to attract capital. In Africa and Asia, all the colonial powers granted concessions to promote the building of infrastructure and development of commercial agriculture without burdening the treasury. After providing a global survey of concessions with special attention to Russia, Mexico, the Domnican Republic, and French West Africa, the author concludes that concessions, by their nature, entailed contradictions that made them a ‘third best’ option for political elites eager to incorporate peripheral regions into the world economy.