Equations of tropical varieties

We introduce a scheme-theoretic enrichment of the principal objects of tropical geometry. Using a category of semiring schemes, we construct tropical hypersurfaces as schemes over idempotent semirings such as T = (R ∪(-∞), max, +) by realizing them as solution sets to explicit systems of tropical equations that are uniquely determined by idempotent module theory. We then define a tropicalization functor that sends closed subschemes of a toric variety over a ring R with non-Archimedean valuation to closed subschemes of the corresponding tropical toric variety. Upon passing to the set of T-points this reduces to Kajiwara-Payne's extended tropicalization, and in the case of a projective hypersurface we show that the scheme structure determines the multiplicities attached to the top-dimensional cells. By varying the valuation, these tropicalizations form algebraic families of T-schemes parameterized by a moduli space of valuations on R that we construct. For projective subschemes, the Hilbert polynomial is preserved by tropicalization, regardless of the valuation. We conclude with some examples and a discussion of tropical bases in the scheme-theoretic setting.